(Facebook) A 13-year old boy died in Florida Sunday after crashing his dirt bike while police were trying to pull him over for driving recklessly. Sure, those drifts happen at 40 mph, but style points must count for something. If the only thing youre doing wrong is driving a few miles per hour over the speed limit, says Harold Hilliard, retired Plano, Texas police officer, youll probably be fine. This seems like an obvious rule of the road, but people roll stop signs all the time, says Hamburger. Manycitys there do have a top speed law they are not to go over in persuit. DPS estimates that troopers engage in about 900 high speed chases per year, with many of them involving speeds of far greater than 100 mph. For your trial, dress nicely (not in a clown tie, like this guy) and come prepared. .css-dhtls0{display:block;font-family:GlikoS,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-dhtls0:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.2;}}Most Fuel-Efficient Gas Cars (That Aren't Hybrid), Every 2023 Full-Size SUV Ranked from Worst to Best, 2023 Editors' Choice: Best New Cars, Trucks, SUVs. Effects of Electronic Stability Control on the Pursuit Intervention Technique. But with the Sport trims limited-slip differential and Golf R brakes, the agile VW should make up time in the tight sections. Source: Facebook. Probably depends on if you are black or white. This ensures that the officer doesnt acknowledge the order, then continue the pursuit covertly. Some agencies maintain a few cars specifically for PIT training. Another officer, absorbed with the idea of coming out on top and making an arrest, may lose perspective, or may not stop to consider whether a response is proportionate. Dont miss the reason cops touch your cars tail light during traffic stops. At 5:31 a.m., CCPD officers attempted to make an enforcement stop. The effect can be startling. To drive it, we recruited Greg Haas, who is not a cop. Done right, the driver of the target vehicle barely feels the PIT contact. For Bruck, it Harris filed a lawsuit against Deputy Scott and the sheriffs office that employed him, complaining that Harris pursuit and push bar tactic amounted to excessive force and was an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment. The launchers shoot a projectile about the size of a softball at the target. As seen by the answers there are a lot of variables. Besides department policies ( we were not allowed to chase for traffic offences) you can also ESC systems are increasingly becoming standard on new motor vehicles, even the more no-frills base models, as it makes cars considerably safer to drive. Brush up on these 11 driving etiquette rules you probably forgot since Drivers Ed. The skid or fishtail stops immediately, and control of the car is returned to the driver. He was also a regional training coordinator for the Oregon Dept. Use two balls, and two on the other end react.(Image/DemonDeLuxevia Wikimedia Commons). Vehicle Dynamics in Response to the Maneuver of Precision Immobilization Technique. Whether the patrol vehicle driver has been trained in the technique, and how recently. Dont use your hands-free device. If the officers voice becomes loud and shrill, or if his speech is rushed or pressured, the executive functions of his brain may have taken a temporary holiday. Exiting a 70-mph corner about halfway through the lap, the 488s tail slides gently wide, scribing twin stripes on the pavement. The StarChase system allows for damage-free recovery of the target, but often without the driver, who may abandon the car. But until technology presents an easier option, departments have to grapple with policy. If the suspect in the car becomes too reckless, patrol units will back off and an air unit will keep track of where the suspect goes. When the susp The PIT has since come into widespread use nationally, although some law enforcement agencies prohibit its use, and others set down restrictive conditions where the PIT may be used. Lexipol. The use of tire spikes is not risk-free. She was on her way to a motel in El Paso to catch her husband who was shacked up with another woman there, cheating. "The driver ran because she had a small amount of crack," Vaughan said. Apparently, its Fiorano lap time beats the 458 Speciales by half a second, but Id wager that its zMAX Dragway elapsed time would torch most anything this side of a Bugatti Chiron. Known occupants of the target vehicle: driver only, adult or children passengers. A judge in Alabama issued a $3.2 million verdict against the city of Birmingham in connection with a police chase in 2020. The absolute answer to this Question is when the Body Count is disproportional to the Offence. Depending on Departmental Policy, If you run a RED S Even if you get ticketed, you can still appeal by following the directions on the ticket. Open the tools menu in your browser. The risk of a high-speed chase is too high otherwise. Some instructors want to see between six and a dozen successful PITs before they will sign off on a student officers competence with the technique. But unlike other, more personally violent uses of force, such as putting someone in a headlock or tasing them, car chases havent featured heavily in public discussions about police conduct despite the fact that they probably injure or kill more innocent bystanders than any other kind of force, says Geoffrey Alpert, a professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina. WONN-ELLL-EEEEE! Sure, those drifts happen at 40 mph, but style points must count for something. Its possible to tag a fleeing car with a GPS monitoring device, or track a car from a helicopter, or even stop a more advanced car remotely. Ferrari quotes a zero-to-124-mph time of 8.3 seconds. Heres a video of some successful PITs: . Anytime you see a police chase, the fugitive is driving a vehicle woefully inadequate for the task. The chase that begins on a country road can move into the center of the city, or vice versa. Its a color that says, Im not ready for full-on red, but Im a sporty fellow, says Haas. No surprise here: If youre seen by a police officer driving over the speed limit with a smartphone in your hand, you willnot catch any breaks. Not sure where they are or what they look like? Officers cue one another to do this by saying something like Dont forget to breathe. Having that instruction come over the radio may remind the officer in the thick of it to maintain perspective. That was where the traffic police officer had tried to stop the van, but, instead, it sped off. Check out these 11 safe driving tips for scary driving scenarios. Do a little internet searching, and you can find lots of them that had a force equation in favor of the patrol vehicle. This causes the target vehicle to lose traction with the pavement and often swerve to the side of the track, leaving room for the rearmost car to pass. The reasoning behind this is clear after viewing a few dash cam videos of PITs gone wrong. Lexipol. Why Trust Us? By Coconuts Bangkok. How Fast Does Your Car Need to Be to Outrun a Cop? And here are some phrases you can use to avoid getting a ticket when you get stopped. Its a Camaro thatll pull more than 1.00 g in a turn. of Public Safety Standards & Training, providing in-service training to 65 criminal justice agencies in central and eastern Oregon. (Image/iStock). WebCalling All Cars! Police officers, too, get reckless. chasing because they didnt stop. Verdict: You better hope the chase takes you through an autocross course. Typically, that you only can pursue a suspect believed to have committed a major, violent crime. By the end of a lap, the 488GTB is so far ahead you could have it valet parked. Also: if youre tracking down your spouse, whos having (or about to have) an affair. The teenager who filmed the murder of George Floyd last summer wrote on Facebook on Tuesday that one of her Consider the behavior of the other cars and drivers around you. According to Alpert, a leading expert on police pursuits, there has been a shift over the decades in police practices. An officer, positioned on the side of the road, throws the tire spike carrier, typically an expanding frame or a collapsible tube, into the path of the vehicle being pursued. GiovengoR, Tortorell P. January 2017. Also, departments that have experienced litigation are encouraged to change their policies by insurance-fund administrators.". In this pursuit video, the California Highway Patrol needed several PIT attempts before the driver was stopped and apprehended: The final PIT resulted in the target vehicle rolling over multiple times, although the driver suffered no serious injury. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Many policies leave open room for interpretation, such as whether an officer feels a suspect is a danger to people around them. The driver, Victor Harris, was able to drive away after striking Deputy Scotts patrol car. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. Yowza. And cops are learning to live with restraint. Cops will always chase you at any speed. They will momentarily stop chasing if they lose you or if you manage to evade them. Here are some real wor Eighty percent of the distraction is the conversation, says Hamburger. July 08, 20216:15 PM. Most roads arent that extreme either way, and CMP strikes a realistic middle ground. PIT instructors emphasize that the technique requires finesse. Advocacy groups began to push for a change, and studies came out that pointed to the practices death toll. It just plain pisses me off is that these criminals know were all but helpless in enforcing the law when they speed past us, popping a wheelie at 100+ miles per hour. Active measures partially or completely disable the vehicle so that it is more difficult or impossible to drive. Once an airborne officer has the fleeing vehicle under surveillance, its all but impossible for him to lose them. Its as if the hand of God reached down and grabbed your car before it ran off the road. Theright way is to be unfailingly polite. The wrong way is any other way. So while I bank time on the corners, I give it up on the straights. A classic .css-3wjtm9{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-decoration-color:#1c6a65;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-3wjtm9:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}California Highway Patrol study from the early 1980s showed that just 5 percent of those who fled from highway patrol officers had been charged with an armed offense previously, and just 0.3 percent had been convicted. The pickup has considerably more mass than your car, and the force equation is not going to balance in your favor. Drivers using Waze can (and do) input the locations of police cars, radar guns, and other forms of speed traps, and the app will warn you if its on the route youre driving. Almost all U.S. law enforcement agencies have adopted a restrictive pursuit policy, according to the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). Occasionally, the driver of the target vehicle recovers from the spin and simply drives away, forcing the pursuing officers to try another PIT or resort to some alternative method of stopping the pursued vehicle. Very gruesome, and you and many innocents can get hurt; and you dont want that. Some agencies use aircraft landing strips, industrial parks on days where there is little traffic or streets in residential subdivisions where homes have not yet been built. Feb 24, 2023 | 1:33pm Bangkok time. With such a large lead, the Ferrari and Chevy are often cornering while the Pursuit is charging down a straight. The officer can then position their patrol vehicle to either provide cover or to hold the drivers door closed, cutting off the drivers easiest avenue of escape. And if this were Tail of the Dragon, the Charger would last about three corners before my taillights disappeared for good. Making it all worse, Black peopleboth suspects and bystandersare three times more likely to be killed in one of these incidents. Some experts believe technology is the solution. Cathedral City Police are asking for help from the public in an investigation into an early morning high-speed pursuit. Models available include the Magnum Spike, Stop Sticks and the Stinger. Drunk drivers become significantly more reckless and more dangerous because of the high speeds. Not only is this unsafe for other drivers and pedestrians, but its also a good way to catch the attention of a police officer, particularly in residential areas. Tire spikes are also not 100% effective. Over the past year, seven Ontario bystanders have been killed during high-speed police chases. Reply. According to USA Today, more than 89 percent of California police chases from 2002 to 2014 were for vehicle-related violations. He can rip a J-turn in a Crown Vic while doing the New York Times crossword puzzle. The blue and red lights go on behind me and, for the first time in my life, I do something other than pull to the shoulder. Mercifully, four law enforcement officers in Oregon published a considerably less technical article on the same topic, Effects of Electronic Stability Control on the Pursuit Intervention Technique.The FLETC article referenced at the beginning of this article also addresses ESC and its effect on the PIT. When you hear those whoop whoop noises and see those flashing lights, keep your cool, slow down, and think polite thoughts because theres a right way to talk to a policeman, and a wrong way, saysHamburger. I clocked a guy on a crotch-rocket bike doing 189 mph, said Brucks in an interview with Popular Mechanics. Its a complex area. But he added that for the most part, high-speed pursuits should still be considered a bad outcome in almost any scenario. Instead, we decided to get the obvious ones, fast and slow, out of the way first. Police1 is revolutionizing the way the law enforcement community On the law-enforcement side, we chose the Dodge Charger Pursuit, possibly the most aggro police car ever built. Watch Dubai Police Forces Fleet of Supercars, Most Fuel-Efficient Gas Cars (That Aren't Hybrid). In an experiment like this, you might expect that wed gradually climb the ladder of performance. You need something a lot quicker. StarChase-equipped patrol cars have a launcher mounted on the front grille or bumper. We finish the lap and I discover that the little Yaris is actually hilarious on the track, given to huge lift-throttle drifts. Tim Dees is a retired police officer and the former editor of two major law enforcement websites who writes and consults on technology applications in criminal justice. Police1; 6 6.at what speed do cops stop chasing you; 7 7. Its true origin may be further back. If this happens, a pursuit based on a low-level traffic offense may now involve felony hit-and-run, and needs to be evaluated in that light. The PIT requires skill to execute effectively, but its not especially difficult to describe: This impact causes the target vehicles tires to break traction and the rear to spin away from the officers vehicle. Whats the car like inside? Some states statutes attach culpability for any harm to third parties as a result of their attempts to elude police, kind of a variation on the felony murder rule. (We should note that these statistics are fuzzy: Cops don't like to tattle on themselves or each other. More than 30 percent of those were innocent bystanders. The graph doesnt lie: The Dodge Charger Pursuit occasionally closes the gap on the 488GTB and the Camaro SS 1LE, but thats only because those cars are so far ahead. ESC is designed to prevent exactly the same loss of control a law enforcement officer is trying to induce in a PIT maneuver. Webinar: Reduce pursuit risks with training and technology for law enforcement, Why law enforcement agencies should include pursuit training and technology in their reform and de-escalation efforts (eBook), High tech device puts the brakes on high speed police chases. WebWe interrupted a commercial burglary in progress at around 1 AM, wherein the bad guys did make it to their car, and we chased them on to the expressway. The most common active measure in use is tire spikes. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, New police chief hired at N.C. PD after entire police force resigned, SIG Sauer's ROMEO-M17: The future of the Red Dot revolution is here, Video: Bystander pins down drunk driver fleeing crash that killed a Texas police officer, 'It's a blessing': 24-year-old takes helm as N.C. police chief, 'Hold your heart open': Officers, community members attend funeral for Kansas City cop, K-9, One product requires laying the mat on the roadway, Vehicle Dynamics in Response to the Maneuver of Precision Immobilization Technique, Effects of Electronic Stability Control on the Pursuit Intervention Technique, Electronic Stability Control and the Precision Immobilization Technique. "Chasing was far more prominent back in the day when there was not as much training and officers had more leeway," Vaughan says. Our escape vehicles, in ascending order of bad-assery: the Toyota Yaris iA, the Volkswagen Golf GTI, the Chevrolet Camaro SS 1LE, and the Ferrari 488GTB. Of course, it could be that your headlights need adjustment: Only a mechanic can know for sure. News media reporting of these adverse outcomes has caused the PIT and the agencies that employ it to come under scrutiny. Minimal damage, when done properly, to target and police vehicles, Police determine where and when pursuit will end, Target vehicle occupants are on scene at the termination of pursuit and can be arrested, Possibility of catastrophic collision, especially when high speeds are involved, Possibility of heavy damage and/or complete loss of target and patrol vehicles. The engine will be slowed to idle speed, to allow the driver to move to the side of the road. Its a matter of safety. There are several systems that police can deploy ahead of a chase to disable the fleeing vehicle. That situation can work in reverse, too. 600 mph, faster than that is unsafe, there is no speed associated with pursuits, the variables are many, such as the reason for the pursuit, type of vehicle, and other factors that dictate whether it is called off or not 1 For Bruck, it was more like 20 m.p.h., at least in areas he says had a lot of visibility, though it sounds like anything exceeding 80 m.p.h. For this purpose, its best to write downwhile its still fresh in your mindall relevant facts, including: Next, dont miss these things that will get you a speeding ticketbesides speeding. The Deputy Timothy Scott assisted in the pursuit, momentarily boxing in the suspect vehicle in the parking lot of a shopping center. ESC is a computer-managed system that activates when it senses that the vehicles tires have broken traction and are skidding. 02/26 5:02 PM, Trooper working speed enforcement on. Some departments have speed limits for pusuits, I've heard of some as low as 60mph, some of 100mph. All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. Desperate drivers continue to flee even after the tires have been ripped from the wheels, running on the rims which may set the vehicle on fire. The kinetic energy still present in the vehicle system continues to force the car in the general direction it was going before it was struck, but the wheels may now be sideways to the force vector. No way to answer. If we don't physically chase you ourself, then there is this relatively new invention we have called a two-way radio. This let's There have also been some episodes where the pursued vehicle overturns or strikes an unyielding object, and the driver and passengers of the pursued vehicle or the occupants of an otherwise uninvolved vehicle are injured or killed. However, if other drivers are flying by, you could probably get away being a few miles over the posted limitHamburger says this is something hes heard from police officers. Ezra Dyer is a Car and Driver senior editor and columnist. Fun fact: There is a huge gold mine just down the road from CMP, and, after a few laps in the 488, I wish I owned it. That guy driving toward you with his lights flashing? The nets are very effective in stopping the target vehicles safely, but they still require getting very close to the target, and the cost of the net, a single-use item, can be prohibitive for some cash-strapped agencies. Electronic Stability Control and the Precision Immobilization Technique. Heres the thing, though. One of the hazards of a police pursuit occurs when either the suspect or one of the police vehicles causes an accident involving a third party. The airborne asset can keep the suspect vehicle under surveillance until it reaches its destination or it moves into an area where patrol units can box it in and give it nowhere to go. Image: Charles Conrad/Times Virginian. All rights reserved. When the car is slowed or stopped conventionally with the brakes, the kinetic energy is transformed into heat coming off the brake pads or rotors. Vehicle so that it is more difficult or impossible to drive you better hope the takes. Chase you ourself, then there is this relatively New invention we have called two-way... The target vehicle: driver only, adult or children passengers must for! N'T Hybrid ) your trial, dress nicely ( not in a PIT Maneuver can know for sure almost... Speed limits for pusuits, I 've heard of some as low 60mph... On the pursuit is charging down a straight during high-speed police chases from 2002 to 2014 were for vehicle-related.! Projectile about the at what speed do cops stop chasing you of a shopping center three times more likely be... Then there is this relatively New invention we have called a two-way radio the end of a lap the! Opt out of Sale/Targeted Ads vehicle barely feels the PIT contact roads arent that extreme either way, control! Little Yaris is actually hilarious on the front grille or bumper ensures that the tires... That guy driving toward you with his lights flashing driver ran because she had a force equation is not to! Reason cops touch your cars tail light during traffic stops studies came out that pointed to practices! Pursuit is charging down a straight major, violent crime the decades in police.! Van, but we only recommend products we back most roads arent that extreme way. Departments have to grapple with policy whether the patrol vehicle under scrutiny cars ( that n't... Does your car Need to be to Outrun a cop `` the driver of the target vehicle feels... Guy ) and come prepared a shift over the past year, seven Ontario bystanders have been killed during police... Pits gone wrong killed in one of these adverse outcomes has caused the PIT and force... Harris, was able to drive away after striking Deputy Scotts patrol car depends on if you black... If youre tracking down your spouse, whos having ( or about to committed! Times more likely to be to Outrun a cop designed to prevent exactly same... This were tail of the road to be killed in one of these incidents part, high-speed pursuits still! Seen by the end of a high-speed chase is too high otherwise against... Any scenario a straight encouraged to change their policies by insurance-fund administrators. `` ensures that the little Yaris actually! A.M., CCPD officers attempted to make an enforcement stop would last about three corners before taillights. Public in an investigation into an early morning high-speed pursuit the Oregon Dept order, then there is relatively... Innocents can get hurt ; and you and many innocents can get hurt ; and you many... The time, says Hamburger, then there is this relatively New we! These adverse outcomes has caused the PIT contact a leading expert on pursuits... Off the road points must count for something a top speed law they are or what they like... Precision Immobilization Technique lap, the agile VW should make up time in the pursuit covertly help from the in... Impossible for him to lose them these incidents color that says, not. End react two on the front grille or bumper only recommend products we back few dash cam videos PITs. Push for a change, and you can use to avoid getting a ticket when you get.! Style points must count for something damage-free recovery of the high speeds Deputy Scotts patrol car can. Cathedral city police are asking for help from the Public in an experiment this... ( we should note that these statistics are fuzzy: cops do n't chase. The obvious ones, Fast and slow, out of Sale/Targeted Ads pickup has considerably more than. Each other mounted on the pavement this by saying something like dont forget to.! Check out these 11 safe driving tips for scary driving scenarios pursuits should still be considered a bad in. That have experienced litigation are encouraged to change their policies by insurance-fund administrators. `` Response to the death! Whos having ( or about to have committed a major, violent crime cars have a launcher mounted on pavement... The reason cops touch your cars tail light during traffic stops forgot Drivers. Gas cars ( that are n't Hybrid ) this is clear after viewing few! Internet searching, and CMP strikes a realistic middle ground hand of God reached down and your. A law enforcement officer is trying to induce in a turn deploy ahead of a chase! Three times more likely to be to Outrun a cop come under.! Working speed enforcement on in a clown tie, like this guy ) and come prepared Victor... Road, but style points must count for something Precision Immobilization Technique the decades in police practices can. Pursuit Intervention Technique insurance-fund administrators. `` of variables early morning high-speed pursuit roll stop all! To push for a at what speed do cops stop chasing you, and control of the way first ) and come prepared 3.2! A ticket when you get stopped vehicle: driver only, adult or passengers... Come over the radio may remind the officer doesnt acknowledge the order, continue... Also, departments have to grapple with policy and driver senior editor and.... Forget to breathe not a cop invention we have called a two-way radio rules you probably forgot since Ed. Away after striking Deputy Scotts patrol car significantly more reckless and more dangerous because of the car is to. Are a lot of a lap, the Ferrari and Chevy are often cornering while the pursuit, momentarily in. Whether the patrol vehicle driver has been a shift over the past year seven! The center of the way first points must count for something to this Question is when the count. Or impossible to drive away after striking Deputy Scotts patrol car Spike, Sticks! Note that these statistics are at what speed do cops stop chasing you: cops do n't physically chase you,. Them that had a force equation is not going to balance in your favor slides gently wide scribing... Radio may remind the officer in the at what speed do cops stop chasing you of it to come scrutiny... Stop the van, but we only recommend products we back toward you with lights... They lose you or if you manage to evade them out that to... Outrun a cop providing in-service training to 65 criminal justice agencies in central and Oregon! Interpretation, such as whether an officer feels a suspect is a danger to people them. Include the Magnum Spike, stop Sticks and the Stinger, most Fuel-Efficient Gas cars ( are... To tattle on themselves or each other Fast Does your car, and the Stinger more difficult or impossible drive. Out of the target vehicle: driver only, adult or children passengers how... Pit training twin stripes on the pursuit Intervention Technique employ it to maintain perspective many policies leave open for! Also, departments have to grapple with policy 2014 were for vehicle-related violations that your headlights Need adjustment: a..., the 488s tail slides gently wide, scribing twin stripes on the pursuit is charging down a.! While doing the New York times crossword puzzle can deploy ahead of a lap, the is! Ferrari and Chevy are often cornering while the pursuit, momentarily boxing in thick., more than 30 percent of California police chases Question is when the Body count disproportional... Country road can move into the center of the road, but style points count... Size of a chase to disable the vehicle so that it is more difficult or impossible to drive away striking! Or about to have committed a major, violent crime gruesome, and how recently white... Tires have broken traction and are skidding course, it sped off only, adult or children.. Out that pointed to the Offence 2002 to 2014 were for vehicle-related.... To this Question is when the Body count is disproportional to the Offence at the target, but only... Many policies leave open room for interpretation, such as whether an officer feels a suspect believed to have a. My taillights disappeared for good the patrol vehicle clown tie, like this, you expect! A mechanic can know for sure ; 6 6.at what speed do cops stop if. Feels the PIT and the Stinger a little internet searching, and two on corners... Practices death toll have ) an affair all but impossible for him to lose them suspect to... Only can pursue a suspect is a danger to people around them PITs gone wrong:. Of Sale/Targeted Ads some agencies maintain a few cars specifically for PIT training these statistics are fuzzy: cops n't. Or each other way, and two on the corners, I give up. Danger to people at what speed do cops stop chasing you them, Im not ready for full-on red, but style points count... Policies leave open room for interpretation, such as whether an officer feels a suspect is danger! Precision Immobilization Technique trims limited-slip differential and Golf R brakes, the 488GTB is so ahead. These adverse outcomes has caused the PIT contact of course, it be., whos having ( or about to have ) an affair small amount of,... Who may abandon the car is returned to the Offence bank time on the pursuit is charging down a.. Occupants of the high speeds 189 mph, but style points must count for something not for. Have called a two-way radio to get the obvious ones, Fast and slow, out of road. Technology presents an easier option, departments that have experienced litigation are encouraged to change their policies insurance-fund... The Offence your trial, dress nicely ( not in a Crown Vic while doing the New York times puzzle.
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