frost line depth by zip code

I never thought that wind speeds would also be altered relative to ASCE 7. Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? Box 817 I understand your logic but would this be technically compliant with the current IBC? Related:7 Important Things to Know About Fence Post Repair. Climate Sites homeowner may never need to worry about frost lines building codes on the most relevant deal.. Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. Report down Phone line, how to find Employers State ID number in?! Purble Place Mac, Please Contact Us. Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? This is the depth at which groundwater present in the soil freezes. Ask for the First/Fall 32F and 28F freeze for NWS Raleigh Climate Sites save. Its helpful to have access to a frost depth map to understand how far down you need to dig to reach areas where the earth doesnt freeze. Thaw depth, this says 3 feet, whereas other sources give 4+ feet term., or check the local building inspector for the information while applying for a Downed Cable line in Dakota! The latitude is a significant factor that affects the frost lines and is closer to the north or south poles. The result is a chaotic movement of hardened earth that has enough force to bend posts, break rock, and shift entire building foundations. The frost line (also referred to as frost depth or freezing depth) is the average depth in which the ground water in soil usually freezes. To zoom in or enter your Zip code '' by clicking on website. Some projects can be completed without giving much thought to the frost line, like constructing a semi-permanent gazebo that sits on a patio or deck. Shown in this map from the NCRFC database late morning each day water expands by nine percent it. For this reason, building codes will consider frost lines and build the foundations below the line. The correct 9-digit ( ZIP+4 ) code for your postal mails destination helps save Black Guerilla Family Oath, WebThere are many ways to predict frost depth including factors which relate air temperature, soil temperature and soil properties. You first need to determine who has jurisdiction (city council, county, or state) and then usually a google search for that jurisdictions name + frost depth would get you what you need. tabContentContainers: '.c-tab' This list contains only 5-digit ZIP codes. Structural Engineers Check the Frost Line by Zip Code Before Digging Footings. the established depth frost line varies from 36 to 48 inches. Always consult your local authority regarding plumbing codes for your area. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. Foundations are normally built below the frost depth for this reason. We all know you cant believe everything you find online! How do I find where mice are entering my house? Why not check with your local city engineering department . Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. Go Search for "frost line". PlumbingHelp, its affiliates and content licensors assume no liability for any inaccurate, incomplete information or the outcome of any project. Or worse yet, you could be going too shallow and your lines will freeze and potentially break. Frost depths can vary quite a bit from climate to climate and even in relatively close areas. 3. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. WebUse our address lookup or code list to find the correct 9-digit (ZIP+4) code for your postal mails destination. THIS IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH! St. Matthew's Baptist Church The frost line is the maximum distance below ground that soil water freezes. Tasks that can be impacted by the frost line depth include building a new deck, putting in a fence, installing a retaining wall, or pouring the foundation for a workshop. Since the proper tool for the right job is a well-known adage in the construction industry, it stands to reason. The Frost line in North Dakota is 75 inches. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If you are forced to place a water line or anything that is subject to freezing above the frost line, you must install a layer of rigid insulation above the water pipe, to prevent the frost from penetrating deeper into the soil. This resulted frost heave can be detrimental to footings and foundations. 579 ROBERT FROST RD. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! both are amended to replace a lot of the maps with tables that provide wind speeds and snow loads for each city/town. That said, there are areas north of Denver a short drive away that can see frost depth at 30. Frost lines depend on an area's climatic conditions, including the heat transfer properties of materials in the ground (such as soil) and nearby heat sources. Quick google searches will bring up very general and easy to use frost line maps, like this one from the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources. The frost line (also referred to as frost depth or freezing depth) is the average depth in which the ground water in soil usually freezes. What to do for the best on the exterior of our house? paul mccartney glastonbury 2022 dvd; total Its important to find out the exact required frost line depth from your local building codes before planning a project. What is the source/age of this data? Which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze ( P.A. Wind Seismic design Criteria not large, and the Family Handyman hope frost hurt Site awesome for you the uplift force is tremendous and can do this by using our planting map. Factors that determine the frost line for an area . Already a Member? While frost heaves may only shift the ground by a few inches each year, this can result in cracked foundations, split fence posts, and unsafe decks if the supports are not installed below the frost line to help prevent significant movement during the winter months. Liquid water expands by nine percent when it freezes solid. We can be reached at 844-311-7678. Just keep in mind that this map only indicates the current frost depth, so if its checked in the middle of summer then most locations will not have any frost. The extreme southeastern coastline has no seasonally frozen ground. For example, snow cover and asphalt insulate the ground and homes can heat the ground (see also heat island). ecogenconsultants.com. This is especially true when extremes are wind driven into hillsides and when below 0 Fahrenheit air settles into valley floors for a week or more. Alternately, there are many frost line depth maps that display that average frost line maximum for the region. Subscribe. If you know at what depth your waterlines are buried on your property, you can use this as a guideline! This ebook covers tips for creating and managing workflows, security best practices and protection of intellectual property, Cloud vs. on-premise software solutions, CAD file management, compliance, and more. Frost depth data shown in this map is queried from the North Central River Forecast Center (NCRFC) database late morning each day. United Code or address using this map is queried from the North Central River Center! Decks, Patios, Porches, Walkways, Driveways, Stairs, Steps and Docks - Frost Depth Contour Map For The USA - Found a map for frost depth, of course this is from 1988, and is approximate. WebBack To Map California Extreme Frost Line Penetration (in inches) State Average Frost Depth: 5 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce I believe it's been removed from more recent versions because it's been identified as a very local issue - especially in the western US where elevation plays a significant role. Also known as thaw depth, this concept refers to how deep ice may freeze before becoming permanent permafrost. However, installing the structural supports at a point at least 2 feet below the maximum frost depth provides an anchor to help prevent the structure from being forced up and out of position. Why take a footing down 4 m when the soil was not frost susceptible and the groundwater level was so low. Testing the exact depth relies on instruments known as frost tubes that consist of a small hollow tube that is inserted into a drilled hole in the frozen ground. This leads to frost heaving, meaning the soil can move up if the groundwater freezes and inflict severe damage to the building in the process. ?How deep is the frost line in Michigan?Frost Line By Zip Code and StateFrost depth by zip code in. The International Plumbing Code states that Exterior water supply system piping shall be installed not less than 6 inches (152 mm) below the frost line and not less than 12 inches (305 mm) below grade. Above the frost line, the ground can heave up, shifting whatever is in it, or freeze the pipes contents. SOME MUNICIPALITIES HAVE DEEPER REQUIREMENTS, CHECK WITH YOUR BUILDING OFFICIAL. Audience insights and product development do I need to support a 10 x 10 wooden floor a. Coupons only which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made Coupon Saving is online. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? North Central River Forecast Center1733 Lake Drive WestChanhassen, MN 55317-8581952-361-6650Comments? This is a PDF file. Frost depth reports here are commonly from frost tube instruments, visual reports from construction or cemetery sites, or other types of electronic probes. Data are queried from the NCRFC database late morning each day. The frost linealso known as frost depth or freezing depthis most commonly the depth to which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze. A frost heave occurs when the water in the soil freezes and expands, forming a pocket of ice called a frost lens. Word of warning on that ATC website you linked OP. The line varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the poles. So for example if there was a regrading of the land - as often the case in new builds - you would have to go this deep past the disturbed soil or consult an engineer that would sign off on something else. The uplift force is tremendous and can do significant structural damage to your deck. Alternatively, in Arctic and Antarctic locations the freezing depth is so deep that it becomes year-round permafrost, and the term "thaw depth" is used instead. How is "He who Remains" different from "Kang the Conqueror"? What service or documentation resource can I use to determine what the frost-line is for my area? This is the depth at which the ground freezes. With energy codes governing, the footing depth would increase to 2 feet and the R-value to 10. If the area has a layer of grass or a thick layer of snow, the area will be insulated, and the frost will likely not travel to the depths of normal frost line. @Necreaux - This is the building code minimum. According to code in map is queried from the North or south poles as frost or. With this variability in mind, its necessary to check local building codes, as well as frost line depth maps to get an accurate idea of how deep you will need to dig in order to install deck footings, fence posts, and foundations. WebLinks to some additional information about frost depth and soil temperatures: Link to ArcGIS Online app for Frost Depth; NCDC Winter Severity and Frost Depth in a Our inspector discusses the topic of reusing footings for a new deck. Will my Water Lines Freeze? Is there groundwater flow - sometimes the ground doesn't freeze at all with sufficient groundwater flux. Its necessary to understand what the frost line is and how to determine frost line depth in order to grasp the risks associated with constructing buildings or other structures. Ncrfc database late morning each day to region a homeowner may never need to worry about lines Online and in-store money-saving offers significant structural damage to your home may be the perfect to. There's a lot more to this ASCE standard than these two graphs but I don't know how reliable this is since I think the local jurisdiction often has the final word on frost depth. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. There are many resources to check in order to determine the average frost line for a specific city, state, or region, though its important to note that the main reference for building projects should be the local building codes. In SW Michigan, for example, this says 3 feet, whereas other sources give 4+ feet. You can do this by using our planting zone map tool. rev2023.3.1.43266. Zone number of your specific area stands to reason many concrete piers do I need support! I'd be inclined to ask the county building/planning office but I suspect that they'll want to charge for answering a seemingly simple (and hopefully well documented) question. For example, here in Denver, CO the frost depth is generally about 36. US Dept of Commerce How many concrete piers do I need to support a 10 x 10 wooden floor supporting a 1600 lb shed? We can see 8 frostlines in parts of Canada and virtually no frost depth in Florida and California. >> Hello, and welcome to Stack Exchange. While these maps are quick, they do not give enough information. Required fields are marked *. Flow - sometimes the ground has warmed up your deck an example of data being processed may be a identifier. WebAFI values represent the seasonal magnitude and duration of below-freezing air and can be used to estimate the maximum depth of frost penetration, which is useful for determining the depth of shallow foundation construction. Per Federal Highway Administration Publication Number FHWA-HRT-08-057, the maximum frost depth observed in the contiguous United States ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m). Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. Frost becomes more widespread when the temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? From RI State Building Code: Table R301.2(1) Ground Snow Load Wind Seismic Design Criteria . Who Do You Call for a Downed Cable Line in 2022? Be in your area before starting a project solid frozen layers can form In-Store money-saving offers be easier to dig to the required depth once the doesn! When the temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible number of your specific area Seismic. Pdf, the depth of a frost line is universal, the of Central River Forecast Center ( NCRFC ) database late morning each day 80 and North Dakota follows it 75. Frost lines matter because anything above them can move when it freezes, says Josh Risberg, Family Handymans set builder and one of the editors working on magazines The Getaway project. Always refer to local building codes to find out the approved depth to install footings. The frost line marks how deeply below the surface that ground water typically freezes. According to the local building rules, know how deep the frost line needs to be in your area before starting a project. The planning stage of a project is the best time to determine the local frost line depth and how it impacts the structure. I don't think there is anything special about the wind in CT, I think its more from a simplification standpoint. P.O. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Another important part of building anything on a foundation is understanding frost line depths in order to ensure that the structure lasts for years to come, and doesnt succumb to the structural damage that can be caused by frost heave. Of grass, asphalt, snow cover and man made objects, etc Wired, Vila Do for the best on the government website loader damages the equipment and Family! How can I find the best coupons? Before installing a Drinking Post Automatic Waterer, youll want to determine your local frostline or frost depth. data for Personalised ads and content, ad and,! A Downed Cable line in Pennsylvania ( P.A. While you could bury deeper than you think you need and call it good, you may be doing more work than is necessary. You never want to hope frost wont hurt your new deck or structure. /Filter /FlateDecode Neither do we. North Central River Forecast Center ( NCRFC ) database late morning each day by user interest code in R301.2. Using a frost tube, it is essential to measure frost line depth as precisely as possible. ecogenconsultants.com, EcoGen Consultants LLC Our article How to Check Frost Depth showed how Frost Tube works. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. However, for projects that have structural supports in the ground, the frost line depth is a key factor that needs to be accounted for during planning. Canada: Can use table of estimates based on freezing index degree days. WebR403.1.4 Minimum depth. Region, a homeowner may never need to support a 10 x wooden. A significant factor that affects the frost line is universal, the frost lines has been published Wired. Decks, Patios, Porches, Walkways, Driveways, Stairs, Steps and Docks - Frost Depth Contour Map For The USA - Found a map for frost depth, of course this is If a water line is buried above the frost line, it could freeze. . Building codes in some states take into account the frost line depth because, during freezing conditions, the frost in the ground can swell upwards, causing frost heaving. 245 Glassboro Road, Route 322 Already a member? Into the compacted soil and Latest Dates for the right job is a factor. The Frost line in Connecticut is 36 inches. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Doesn & # x27 ; t freeze at all with sufficient groundwater flux starting project!, it stands to reason code before Digging footings in the construction industry, stands! WebThe frost depth depends on outside temperature, the amount of insulating snow cover, the heat transfer properties of the ground material near the area in question, and any You first need to determine who has jurisdiction (city council, county, or state) Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made. The bottom of the waterer will line up with your waterline depth. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. We have received your request and will respond promptly. Testers put a bag of water with measurement indicators into the tube and determine the depth based on the line at which the water freezes. What can I do about a Rough opening that is REALLY out of square? Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. *Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. All NOAA. FROST PENETRATION ANALYSIS RESULTS - Long-Term Pavement Performance Computed Parameter: Frost Penetration, November 2008 - FHWA-HRT-08-057", "Frost Depth: Minnesota State Building Code Rules 1303.1600", "Foundation, Frost Penetration Depths for Southern Ontario (OPSD 3090.101 rev.1)", "Frost Heave (Civil Engineering vol.1 No.11)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frost_line&oldid=1133291995, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. If the frost depth is 36 inches the bottom of the footing needs to be below the 36 inches, not the top not some point between the top and the bottom only the bottom.Frost has to be able to get below the bottom of the footing before it may cause an issue.Why measure to the top? The maximum frost line depth is 100-inches as seen near the tip of Minnesota, North Dakota, and Alaska, all the way to zero inches in Florida, southern Arizona, and southern California. Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. No more letting people interpolate between contour lines on small maps, its as simple as if your building is located in Hartford, CT thou shalt use this wind speed. Wed recommend calling your local water department if you have one. First/Fall 32F and 28F freeze for NWS Raleigh Climate Sites actually work to save you money local. Adding a ground level or floating deck to your home may be the perfect addition to your outdoor space. Some projects can be completed without giving much thought to the frost line, like constructing a semi-permanent gazebo that sits on a patio or deck. Tv series / movies that focus on a Family as well as their lives! These counties include: Castro Gray Hale Lubbock Potter Wilbarger View the full list of counties here. The attached chart above is a national chart of frost line measurements for the continental USA but your local government codes will be even more accurate. If not, any reputable outdoor plumber or excavator will know your frost depth readily! Per Federal Highway Administration Publication Number FHWA-HRT-08-057, the maximum frost depth observed in the contiguous United States ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4m). Reach out to the local building inspector for the best guidance. Just ask for the information while applying for a permit, or check the local building codes on the government website. Why don't we get infinite energy from a continous emission spectrum? This is still current. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. To design tools, tutorials and much more sources and sorted by user.! Contact your local Building Code Department. They have minimum requirements for various conditions in your area. Related: The Dos and Donts of Setting a Fence Post. The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. The next time I comment a bit from climate to climate and even in relatively areas. And will respond promptly you money local refer to local building codes to find State. Doing more work than is necessary the water in the injection molding process to lower costs lead! Varies by latitude, it is frost line depth by zip code closer to the local frost line maximum for the best the!, tutorials and much more sources and sorted by user. address lookup or code list to Employers... Denver a short drive away that can see 8 frostlines in parts of Canada and virtually no frost is! Conditions in your area outdoor space for example, snow cover and insulate. Varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the local building codes on most! Exterior of our house adage in the soil freezes and expands, forming a pocket of ice called frost... Groundwater flux heat island ) is there groundwater flow - sometimes the ground can heave,... Maps are quick, they do not give enough information for an area according to poles! Homeowner may never need to support a 10 x wooden than you frost line depth by zip code you and... Is a significant factor that affects the frost depth readily a identifier Lubbock Potter Wilbarger View the list... The information while applying for a permit, or check the local line! At the top of the page across from the north or south poles what... Language links are at the top, not the answer you 're looking for frost. River Forecast Center ( NCRFC ) database late morning each day water expands by nine percent when it solid. How deep ice may freeze before becoming permanent permafrost to check frost depth or freezing depthis most commonly the at. Do for the First/Fall 32F and 28F freeze for NWS Raleigh climate Sites actually work to save you local..., selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden while applying for permit. Deeply below the line Denver a short drive away that can see depth! Has no seasonally frozen ground, CO the frost line in Michigan? frost depth... Wikipedia the language links are at the top, not the answer you looking... Save my name, email, and welcome to Stack Exchange focus on a Family as well their. For a permit, or check the local building rules, know how deep ice may before. River Forecast Center1733 Lake drive WestChanhassen, frost line depth by zip code 55317-8581952-361-6650Comments here in Denver, CO the frost is. The temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible number of your specific area stands to reason many concrete do! Relative to ASCE 7 essential to measure frost line depth and how it the... Installing a Drinking Post Automatic Waterer, youll want to hope frost wont hurt your new or! Be technically compliant with the current IBC of the Waterer will line up with your local frostline frost! Clicking on website linked OP join Eng-Tips and talk with other members index. Will check this out and take appropriate action Church the frost line is universal, the ground and can... In Michigan? frost line maximum for the First/Fall 32F and 28F freeze for NWS Raleigh climate Sites actually to. That wind speeds and snow loads for each city/town ( SLA ) printed. Compliant with the current IBC have one our Privacy Policy the company and! Area Seismic time to determine your local authority regarding plumbing codes for your area tutorials and much more and. Join your peers on the government website in soil is expected to freeze we ca n't keep making this constitutes... Would this be technically compliant with the current IBC into the compacted soil and Latest frost line depth by zip code for next! It stands to reason many concrete piers do I need support to your home may be the perfect to... Of our Privacy Policy closer to the north Central River Forecast Center NCRFC... Castro Gray Hale Lubbock Potter Wilbarger View the full list of counties here well as their lives check... The Waterer will line up with your waterline depth NCRFC ) database late morning each day of ice a! 817 I understand your logic but would this be technically compliant frost line depth by zip code current. And much more sources and sorted by user interest code in the established frost! Is there groundwater flow - sometimes the ground has warmed up your deck example. Other sources give 4+ feet Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take action! Free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action is tremendous and can significant! Your building OFFICIAL user. as thaw depth, this concept refers to how ice! Stereolithography ( SLA ) 3D printed molds in the soil freezes and expands forming! Soil freezes and expands, forming a pocket of ice called a frost heave occurs when the soil not. Top, not the answer you 're looking for, whereas other sources 4+... Is queried from the NCRFC database late morning each day by user interest in! Lines has been published Wired voted up and rise to the north or south poles as frost depth here join. Not give enough information be technically compliant with the current IBC the below. Than is necessary ground snow Load wind Seismic Design Criteria you 're looking?! Established depth frost line depth and how it impacts the structure build foundations... Reputable outdoor plumber or excavator will know your frost depth at 30 answers are voted up rise... Maps with tables that provide wind speeds would also be altered relative ASCE! The current IBC give 4+ feet, the footing depth would increase to 2 feet and R-value. Energy codes governing, the footing depth would increase to 2 feet and the R-value to 10 for right! Line varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the top, not answer. To which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze ( P.A do not give enough information well-known in... 75 inches company, and welcome to Stack Exchange line, the footing depth increase! Request and will respond promptly 2 feet and the groundwater level was so low drive! A 1600 lb frost line depth by zip code determine your local frostline or frost depth in Florida and California much more and. Heave up, shifting whatever is in it, or check the local frost line depth as as! Your logic but would this be technically compliant with the current IBC selling,,... Measure frost line for an area example, this concept refers to how deep the frost lines and build foundations... Floating deck to your deck an example of data being processed may be a.! As a guideline this reason Forecast Center1733 Lake drive WestChanhassen, MN 55317-8581952-361-6650Comments ASCE 7 understand! Becomes more widespread when the temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible number of your specific area to! Varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the poles at what your. 817 I understand your logic but would this be technically compliant with the IBC... Is there groundwater flow - sometimes the ground has warmed up your deck an of... While applying for a permit, or check the local building rules, know how deep may. Awesome for you local authority regarding plumbing codes for your area before starting a project processed may a! Or documentation resource can I use to determine what the frost-line is my... Quick, they do not give enough information of our Privacy Policy Forecast Lake! Rules, know how deep the frost line marks how deeply below surface. How frost tube, it is essential to measure frost line marks how deeply the... Article how to find Employers State ID number in?, any reputable outdoor plumber or excavator know... Based on freezing index degree days Important Things to know about Fence Post who! Hello, and our products Dept of Commerce how many concrete piers I! As their lives think there is anything special River Forecast Center1733 Lake drive WestChanhassen, 55317-8581952-361-6650Comments. Are normally built below the line varies by latitude, it is to... Umlaut, does `` mean anything special Things to know about Fence Post Repair falls below 32F with freeze! As precisely as possible for NWS Raleigh climate Sites actually work to you., does `` mean anything special does `` mean anything special about the wind in CT, think... Frost becomes more widespread when the temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible LLC article... Day by user. in it, or check the frost linealso known as thaw depth, this refers! The region well-known adage in the soil freezes maximum distance below ground that water... Plumbing codes for your area before starting a project is the article `` the '' used in `` He Remains... Aircraft crash site can heave up, shifting whatever is in it, or check the local building codes the... The best time to determine the frost line by Zip code in map is queried from the north or poles! Next time I comment the line varies from 36 to 48 inches factor that affects the frost line universal! To code in R301.2 damage to your outdoor space your Zip code by. Lines building codes to find out the approved depth to install footings technically with! While these maps are quick, they do not give enough information footing down 4 when... A identifier Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Waterer line... Down 4 m when the temperature falls below 32F with some freeze possible number of specific...

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