All contents Freakonomics. GELFAND: The U.S. is one of the most creative places on the planet. I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. HOFSTEDE: Oh, no, thats something for academia. And then he decided to go to academia. And we did find a number of learned people who had data to back up the hypothesis. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. But one of the things thats happened, particularly in the context of social media in the last 10 years, is that people now can speak back to power and close the gaps in terms of where individual people see themselves in relationship to power. When youre trying to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be extremely helpful. I do this for you and you do this for me. Folks who come from a collective standpoint where, I do this for you, but youre doing this for us thats a very, very different way of seeing the world. You can think about it at the household level. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. 534. You Arent Alone as Most Cats and Dogs in the U.S. are Overweight, The Loosening of American Culture Over 200 Years is Associated With a CreativityOrder Trade-Off, Speaking a Tone Language Enhances Musical Pitch Perception in 35-Year-Olds, TightnessLooseness Across the 50 United States, The Mller-Lyer Illusion in a Computational Model of Biological Object Recognition, Chaos Theory: A Unified Theory of Muppet Types, Egypt: Crime Soars 200 Per Cent Since Hosni Mubarak Was Ousted, Status and the Evaluation of Workplace Deviance. What was in these surveys? So if you ask people to judge the absolute lengths of two lines, people in more individualistic societies tend to get that right. But one has arrows going out and one in? GELFAND: The next day, I booked a trip to Egypt. DUBNER: What does an institution like the Navy see as the upsides of more looseness? HOFSTEDE: Which doesnt mean egoism, but it could go that way. Its very, very hard to do. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. HENRICH: And this can include motivations, heuristics, biases, beliefs. The study of culture is a family business for Hofstede. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. Joe HENRICH: Culture is information stored in peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually social learning. The focus of that episode was American culture. We met him earlier, but just briefly; heres a proper introduction. Citation styles for Freakonomics How to cite Freakonomics for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity. The first ten amendments to the Constitution (collectively known as the Bill of Rights), for example, are all about protecting individual rights from government power. Neal is making a couple of compelling points here. But its not only compliance. And it produces this illusion. The U.S. is just different from other places in a variety of ways that we often dont stop to think about. How does the U.S. do on this dimension? HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. Some of the countries with high power distance: Russia, China, and Mexico. I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. HOFSTEDE: Okay, no, I was just being naughty. Individualism places great value on self-reliance, on . As an Amazon Associate, Freakonomics may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this site. So that leads to justifying more inequality. When Americans did this experiment, a third of them conformed and gave an obviously wrong answer. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). 1424 Words. Now, California is a real interesting exception because it has a lot of threat. And she doesnt love to exercise. But it was serious. And you know who else had that skill set? One of the areas of cultural study that first hooked her had to do with optical illusions. That is one of the main guests in todays episode. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. In 2016, Henrich published a book called The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. "Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work, wheareas economics represents how it actually does work.". The downsides: less innovation, less openness to ideas that challenge the status quo, and less tolerance for differences in religion and race. The future could be bright. That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. As its been said: Everyone knows that 11 oclock on Sunday morning is the most segregated hour in American life. Mark Anthony Neal, a professor of African and African-American studies at Duke, notes that American individualism is hardly experienced equally across the population. If . In an individualistic society, depending on how the mood is, you can get very different developments. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. Good on you. And life is an adventure. I hate to call out Michele Gelfand, but even in the loosest of cultures, dogs dont have unfettered access to food. They make sure that there is no violation of any ritual. Still Sore, Clinton Decries Planned Singapore Flogging of American, The Differences Between Tight and Loose Societies. He started working as an engineer during turbulent years of rebuilding, and soon became a personnel manager. Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. Those are the upsides. DUBNER: And what would you say is maybe a political ramification of low power distance? The ancient Romans. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. Joe Henrichs research into national psychologies led him to an even more fascinating conclusion. Essentially, theyre the opposite of the loose attributes: tight cultures have more coordination and more self-control. - Lyssna p 470. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better) But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. That is something that fundamentally many whites dont understand, right? By the same cue, you could vastly admire somebody for their strength and their intrepidity. Freakonomics the film, like the book, is entertaining and sometimes thought-provoking. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", mentions five main factors that contribute to social mobility in neighborhoods. Gert Jan Hofstede - Freakonomics. (This is part of theFreakonomics RadioAmerican Culture series). GELFAND: Its like that story of two fish where theyre swimming along. Download Print. That, again, is the American culture scholar Joe Henrich. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. Level of inequality C. Family composition D . Also, he uses some very bold examples (crime rates versus abortion, drug dealership, cheating teachers, etc) to make some very simple . Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. DUBNER: Do you think the average American and the average fill in the blank Laotian, Peruvian, Scot will be substantially more alike in 20 or 50 years, or not necessarily? Now, lets pull back and make an important point: labeling a given country tight or loose is an overall, aggregate measurement. They determine the boundary conditions before which we become angry or flattered or whatever. So, say its $100, and the first player can offer a portion of the $100 to a second player. Whereas we usually describe a scent by saying something that it smells like.. Culture can be quite an offensive concept, particularly to people who project it onto an individual characteristic, as if it was about an individual. data, gathered in the late 60s and early 70s. Coming up, how Americas creative looseness has produced a strange, global effect: HENRICH: The scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. We also realize that were a culture in distress in many, many, many ways. They can freely float about. 469). In 1994, a small incident in Singapore turned into a big deal in the United States. And how are we defining culture? And not attending enough to contextual factorsopportunities that presented themselves, being in the right place at the right time. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. On the more feminine end of the spectrum are the Scandinavian countries and some of Western Europe. HOFSTEDE: If you are, lets say, a toddler, what do you get to decide for yourself? GELFAND: I also teach negotiation. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? So the scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. And that also means that fighting is a good way to get what you want. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Read the excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. This paper examines the production of race on the Internet by examining the elements that make up the weblog Freakonomics: the topic, the environment, the medium, and the users. Thats what the Ultimatum experiments set out to find. SuperFreakonomics was the follow-up in 2009. HOFSTEDE: Okay, well, dont. Freakonomics has since grown up into a media company, complete with documentary, radio show, and blog. Did you know there is an entire academic field called cross-cultural psychology? And how does this extraordinarily high level of individualism versus collectivism play out? HOFSTEDE: This is actually a little bit of an unfortunate name. If youre an economist, you might think that offering even $1 out of the 100 would be enough. GELFAND: If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. GELFAND: And I thought, If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. Share. It may help if youre not originally from here. employees. There are plenty of looser people in tight countries and vice versa. And the research subject explained to him that, Oh, I feel so bad for you that you cant afford pants without holes in them that I cant take the money from this poor American kid. And it struck me as a way in which this experiment could be perverted. The United States, you may not be surprised to learn, is on the loose end of the spectrum although not in the top five. As always, thanks for listening and again, I do hope you'll also start . HOFSTEDE: He decided to take a job there. She grew up in Tasmania. NEAL: I often think about how the U.S. has historically thought about freedom and how, say, the Soviet bloc had talked about freedom. But, lets look at the pandemic from a different angle: which country produced the most effective Covid-19 vaccines? But that makes sense. GELFAND: Classic things like the Mller-Lyer Illusion, which is these two lines where one looks longer than the other. If they reject, both players get zero. DUBNER: Describe for me your father and his work, and how it became a family business. Downloads: 18. If someone acts in an inappropriate way, will others strongly disapprove in this country? Heres another: Are there very clear expectations for how people should act in most situations? In 2018, Gelfand published a book of these findings called Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight and Loose Cultures Wire Our World. Its also important to recognize that even though were really connected, still people are largely in their echo chambers, interacting with people who they know. Most Black people who live in America today are descended from people brought here as slave labor. Latin countries tend to be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France. Caning as in a spanking, basically, on the bare buttocks, with a half-inch-thick rattan cane. So if you only want to talk about American psychology, youre fine. And they often dont even realize theyre being acted upon. In other words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. And you dont need them for ritual reasons. So keep your ears open for all that. GELFAND: And there was discussion in the cross-cultural psychology community about how James Bakers unemotionalcommunication style was received as This is not so serious, in terms of Tariq Azizs understanding of Americans intentions. These attacks continue as I speak. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. By the way, Gelfand doesnt really take a position on whether loose or tight is superior. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, there is more community-building where people are willing to call out rule violators. HOFSTEDE: Yes, of course. GELFAND: In cross-cultural psychology, we study how ecological and historical factors cause the evolution of differences. Someone raised in an Eastern culture might focus more on the image as a whole and less on the central object. But if you look 100 years ago and you look at the cultural map of the world, you can read writers from different countries, you will see that there is astonishing continuity. Culture is not genetics or biology or individual characteristics. GELFAND: The U.S. tends to not just be individualistic, like Hofstede or others have shown, but very vertical, very competitive in its individualism. Henrich has written about the notion of time psychology.. This suggests that every time a social scientist runs an experiment whose research subjects are WEIRD thats capital-letter WEIRD the results of that experiment may be meaningful in the U.S. and some other places, but quite likely not in others. My husband is an attorney. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. The negotiations didnt work out. And then in a third condition they were wearing just their face. When Hofstede the Elder went to work for I.B.M., he got involved with these surveys. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. Why arent all national cultures converging by now? Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: Culture is the ripples on the ocean of human nature. Later on, fast forward, Pertti Pelto, whos an anthropologist. But relatively speaking, we have more tolerance. Q uite soon after the Freakonomics guys, Stephen J Dubner and Steven D Levitt, walk into their office on New York's Upper West Side for our interview, the scene resolves itself into the kind of . It was back in grad school that Michele Gelfand first asked herself this question. Even Gert Jan Hofstede suggests that his model shouldnt be seen as overly deterministic. The same experiment was done in other, non-WEIRD countries, like Ghana and Zimbabwe. Gelfand would disagree. All contents Freakonomics. According to the individualist, all values are human-centred, the individual is of supreme importance, and all individuals are morally equal. 702 Episodes. In Germany, for instance, labor unions often have a representative on company boards, which can radically change the dynamic between companies and employees. People who went out to California, I would say if we gave them the tight-loose mindset quiz, they were probably on the looser mindset. We are supremely WEIRD. "The conventional wisdom is often wrong.". A tight country like Germany tends to set strict limits on noise, with mandated quiet hours. New York City, meanwhile, has been called not just the city that never sleeps, but the city that never shuts up. Tight countries tend to have very little jaywalking, or littering or, God forbid, dog poop on the sidewalks. Capital W-E-I-R-D, which stands for: HENRICH: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. GELFAND: In the U.S., various newspapers covered the story. Individualism is thought to be on the rise in Western countries, but new research suggests that increasing individualism may actually be a global phenomenon. But we tried to address that. Okay, lets get into the six dimensions. The Ultimatum game is famous among social scientists. Thats to say that it emphasizes privacy and independence, like the U.S., but its much more egalitarian. Follow. GELFAND: My own sweet Portuguese water dog, Pepper, I mean, that dog is just gigantic. Then came SuperFreakonomics, a documentary film, an award-winning podcast, and more.. Now, with Think Like a Freak, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner have written their most revolutionary book yet.With their trademark blend of captivating storytelling and . And I think that is a hallmark of African-American culture in this country. You could just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at who the figureheads are. The first is that a model of anything even nearly as complex as a national culture is bound to miss a lot of nuance. GELFAND: The data suggests that those countries in Eastern Europe, are extremely loose, almost normless, we might say, because after the fall of the Soviet Union, these countries did a pendulum shift. (That will also need some explaining.) In each chapter, the authors analyze a different social issue from an economic perspective. More information on phishing. Theyre really hard-working. Thats the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. HOFSTEDE: For the U.S.A., the world is like a market. When something is not easily measured, it often gets talked about in mushy or ideological terms. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. HOFSTEDE: High individualism is correlated with trying new stuff. NEAL: Were a country that presumes male leadership. Chinese, in that respect, are very like the Americans. The New York Times bestselling Freakonomics changed the way we see the world, exposing the hidden side of just about everything. And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. HENRICH: So Americans tend to be more work-obsessed than other people. A. It always was unsustainable, but was made even more acute to us. At the core of Freakonomics is the concept of incentives. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. As we heard, the first four dimensions originated with the I.B.M. You know, the thing that rap artists were talking about 25 years ago, Im on my grind. Its rooted in this ethos of always working, always pushing forward, always being on the top of your game. I asked Hofstede what he would advise if a given country did want to change its culture? HOFSTEDE: There was a Quaker at the head of I.B.M. The comedians John Oliver, Hannah Gadsby, and Kumail Nanjiani all grew up outside the U.S. The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. So, culture is about values, beliefs, absorbed ideas and behaviors. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? HOFSTEDE: If I had been born in America, I would have liked it, probably, because I would have been used to it. Remember what he said earlier: HENRICH: So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. This was in contrast to the economists label of Homo economicus; that version of humans is more self-interested, less reciprocal. A child is a child, and a parent is a parent, and a parent decides for the child. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. Heres Mark Anthony Neal of Duke: NEAL: Historically, power has been obscure. Whether proud or not, whether happy or not, it has a position. The five tightest countries are Pakistan, Malaysia, India, South Korea, and our old friend Singapore. Henrich is saying that the export of American ideas isnt necessarily easier. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. Neal sees a strong connection between U.S. masculinity and our appetite for work. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. Faster walking acts in an inappropriate way, gelfand doesnt really take a freakonomics individualism... 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